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The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. ." That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. "[5] Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo 12 talking about this. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. . Encyclopedia.com. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. White Lotus Rebellion | Encyclopedia.com Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. // Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). However, the date of retrieval is often important. ", Dai, Yingcong. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Szczepanski, Kallie. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . ", Dai, Yingcong. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. Encyclopedia.com. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. View original page. . however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. [6] Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty.