nursing responsibilities for iv therapy pptike turner first wife lorraine taylor

Administration Sets Apparatus that connects large volume parenteral solution with IV access device into patient veins Insertion spikes Clip chamber Plastic tubing with rate control clamp Rubber injection port Needle adapter and protective cap on needle adapter, Saline Lock Over needle cath left in for medical administration Flush every 8 hours Flush before/after meds, Rules and Regulations Regarding IV Therapy for the LPN See Handout from OBN website Chapter 4723-17 Try to access sites, 2023 SlideServe | Powered By DigitalOfficePro, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E N D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .\`` Staff Nurse II - Monoclonal Antibody IV Therapy-Epidemic Vacc-Multi Fac-Temp 40hrs - Full-time / Part-time . 1 0 obj Responsibilities and duties of IV infusion nurses include: Key Skills and Responsibilities Coordinating and administering therapeutic IV treatments and infusions Developing care plans Educating patients and caregivers Managing complications with infusion therapies Monitoring patient responses to treatment Performing patient assessments 1. IV Infusion nurses can gain experience in specialties where nurses administer intravenous medications, treatments, and fluids, including emergency nursing, intensive care, oncology , pediatrics, and surgery. With the access point placed, the nurse attaches the primed IV bag tubing to the port on the catheter. If a manual calculation is needed to set the IV flow rate, calculate the rate and double-check the calculated rate with another registered nurse. By- H*wSp Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. ' .)10. About this job. AMN Healthcare Education Services. The SlideShare family just got bigger. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr If the patient no longer requires IV access for infusions, remove the cannula at the earliest to avoid complications. Are you ready to earn your online nursing degree? , Reset IV combines world-class service with personal attention. If you are concerned an IV is infiltrated, follow your facility policy and, as a general guideline, discontinue the site and relocate the IV. Your time is important, and our team has flexible options to maximize it. Define key terms related to intravenous therapy. The presence of an IV therapy team elevates the standard of infusion care in a facility by reducing infection risks and improving patient comfort. Intravenous therapy - SlideShare Secure the catheter with tape or other dressing. correct fluid and. The catheter passes through the wall of the vein, or the blood vessel wall allows part of the fluid to infuse into the surrounding tissue, resulting in the leakage of IV fluids into the surrounding tissue. IV primary fluid bags consist of various types of fluid such as 0.9% normal saline, 0.45% () normal saline, lactated ringers solution, and dextrose (5%) preparations. <> Infection control guidelines for Prevention of Peripheral Venous Catheter (PV Health and safety in microbiological practices, Assignment Effective Population size Please work through these five pr (2).pdf, Assuming you can do 216 encryptions per second and the key size is 32.pdf, Asoccer team estimates that they will score on 11- of the corner kicks.pdf, Assignment 3 Requirements- Your task for this assignment- is- - Input.pdf, As shown above- a classic deck of cards is made up of 52 cards- 26 are.pdf, THE NATURAL ORDER PROCESS IN TERMS OF MODERN FIELD THEORY.pdf, Its Past Time to Make Instruction Accessible, Assignment Effective Population size Please work through these five pr.pdf, Assume that adults have IQ scores that are normally distributed with a.pdf, Assume that a procedure yields a binomial distribution with a trial re (1).pdf, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. _? rn. IV tubing administration sets require routine replacement to prevent infection. Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are the most commonly used intravenous devices in hospitalised paediatric patients. a busy month. (A) A licensed practical nurse may perform on any person any of the intravenous therapy procedures specified in division (B) of this section without receiving authorization to perform intravenous therapy from the board of nursing under section 4723.17 of the Revised Code, if both of the following apply: (1) The licensed practical nurse acts at the direction of a registered nurse or a licensed physician, dentist, optometrist, or podiatrist and the registered nurse, physician, dentist, optometrist, or podiatrist is on the premises where the procedure is to be performed or accessible by some form of telecommunication. IV infusion nurses practice infusion therapy, administering intravenous fluids and medications. Place a flexible rubber band around the upper arm. Local cellulitis or systemic bacteraemia are possible. Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving IV Therapy - BrainKart dont have time to be sick? Phlebitis is inflammation of a vein. Signs of infection include redness, warmth, tenderness, and possible fever. For intermittent infusions, IV lines which are disconnected are to be discarded between infusions. Administer IV Drip Therapy and Intramuscular (IM) Shots to deliver our menu of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. The Role of the IV Nurse - Elite Learning Take the opportunity to thoroughly inspect the site of entry of the cannula for any sign of infection. Inspect the splint at least daily and change if soiled by blood or fluid leakage. PPT - Introduction to IV Therapy PowerPoint Presentation, free download holidays: PICU ASCOM 52327. For Opioid infusion bolus refer to the specific guidelines: If the cannula is to be accessed intermittently for the administration of medications or fluids, the cannula should be flushed prior to infusion or at least once a shift. This is called a tourniquet and aids in bringing the vein to the surface to make it easier to insert the IV. d`JSDg$8 WigxbLP1\TR3U@r'~&As(. sterile gauze or cotton wool over the exit site but do not apply pressure, Slowly withdraw the It is the administration of fluid in to blood stream by I/V catheter or butterfly needle inserted in to a peripheral vein replace water, Electrolyte & Nutrients Introduction:-. Parenteral fluid administration has been an essential component of the care of hospitalized patients since 1940 . We've encountered a problem, please try again. (2015). nursing responsibilities for iv therapy ppt - sensaudicion.com Attach a completed drug label detailing the drug, dose, diluent, volume of diluent, date, time and signature of the nurse and the staff who double checked. Allow skin preparation to air dry prior to applying any dressing, this allows the disinfectant to work. Ensure the cannula is flushed with normal saline once the giving set is disconnected from the cannula. Some of these complications can be prevented by the correct use of aseptic for an example of the effects of the administration of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic IV fluids on a patients red blood cells. Please remember to read the Get powerful tools for managing your contents. If patient is allergic to transparent film dressings, use sterile film dressing to be used and changed daily. <> endobj nursing responsibilities for iv therapy ppt. PREPARING TO ADMINISTER IV THERAPY Before performing venipuncture, the nurse carries out hand hy-giene, applies gloves, and informs the patient about the proce-dure. purpose of iv therapy. You can read the details below. Monitoring the Effectiveness of IV Therapy. 1. That is done in the same way, by allowing fluid to come through the line. NurseJournal.org is committed to delivering content that is objective and actionable. intravenous therapy- homeostasis. IV_Therapy PPT.pptx - IV THERAPY INTRAVENOUS THERAPY - Course Hero All Integrity Network members are paid members of the Red Ventures Education Integrity Network. 4 0 obj over, the PIVC should be removed to avoid any additional complications. Needle Selection 2. 2 0 obj If you are a nurse or aspiring nurse researching specializations, you may be asking, "What is an infusion nurse?" nursing responsibilities for iv therapy ppt Our nurses are available around the clock to administer IV therapy. %%EOF <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>> The literature suggests the volume of flush should equal at least twice the volume of the catheter and add on devices and a minimum of 2mL normal saline flush is recommended. Complications of IV Therapy Nursing assumed the role of A = Care & Use of IV Catheters Revised Date: 12/02, 07/04, 10/04, 05/05, 12/06, 12/08, 06/09, 12/10, 04/11 Forms: SMC form - Picc Line placement Reviewed Date: SUBJECT: Nursing . technique for insertion and maintenance as well as assessing the device as Eligibility for the CRNI exam requires an RN license and a minimum of 1,600 hours of infusion therapy experience. Job Summary: The Nurse position will be overseeing patient-care operations. amy e. irwin, dnp, ms, rn denver school of nursing. How do they go about making magic happen? So you do not need to waste the time on rewritings. The nurses responsibilities in managing IV therapy include the following: IV medications and fluids enter the patients bloodstream directly through the vein. Which Fluids and how much fluids to use nursing responsibilities for iv therapy ppt - gameofleaves.com 2. Medical Operations & Clinical Duties. Eachbag of fluid is independently double checked, and a signed patient label is put on the bag. See Figure 23.1. correct fluid and electrolyte imbalancesadminister medicationsadminister, Oral medications-absorbed in the digestive tract, Rules and Regulations Regarding IV Therapy for the LPN. Access PIVC only after scrubbing the hub. Extravasation causes tissue injury, and depending on the medication, site, and length of exposure, it can cause tissue death, which is also referred to as necrosis. 6 0 obj Primary IV tubing can be a macro-drip or micro-drip solution set. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. and apply non-sterile gloves, carefully remove the adhesive dressing, replacement of PIVC unless clinically indicated. Responsibilities and duties of IV infusion nurses include: Workplace settings for IV infusion nurses include outpatient pharmacies and surgical centers, infusion centers, and patient homes, along with specialty clinics and hospital units. The drop factor is located on the packaging of the IV tubing and is important to verify when calculating medication administration rates. To that end, we have built a network of industry professionals across higher education to review our content and ensure we are providing the most helpful information to our readers. They are typically used in critical care situations to treat hyponatremia and avoid pulmonary edema by relying on osmosis to help remove excess fluid. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. There are a cgbcj`y;@mW,<13L&d0wg.b8;SD2|001s ,Xv%iFP#c> Effective Date: 04-10-2001, History First began in the 17th century 19th century-infection control procedures mid 1950s-used for surgery and hydration(20%) Today approximately 90 % of pts in hospital receive IVs Skilled nursing homes, doctors office and home, Purpose for IV Therapy Fluid and electrolyte maintenance, restoration and replacement Administer medications and nutritional feedings Give blood and blood products Chemotherapy Patient controlled analgesics KVO for quick access, Oral medications-absorbed in the digestive tract IV- faster acting and distributed throughout the bloodstream immediately after giving, Uses: Unconscious pt: Unable to swallow: Vomiting: Nutrition: Others? 0 ) For example, a continuous fluid infusion may be ordered at a rate of 125 mL/hour for 24 hours. the four, Class IV Companion Therapy Laser Pediatric Fracture Healing - . <> Access PIVC only after scrubbing the hub. IV Therapy Class Carolyn McCune, RN, MSN, CRNP Teresa Peck RN, BSN, Orientation To Class Review syllabus and course requirements Answers any questions related to class www.emprocedures.com/index.htm Then go to Peripheral IV access, 4723.171 Intravenous therapy procedures. 23.1 IV Therapy Management Introduction - Nursing Skills We provide on-demand, concierge IV hydration; a fast, convenient, and effective treatment to help you feel and look your best. Shri Deshaies is a nurse educator with over 20 years of teaching experience in hospital, nursing school, and community settings. Intravenous Fluids. Ensure the device is also removed from the LDA in EMR. endstream endobj startxref nursing responsibilities for iv therapy ppt - dowdcreative.com Phlebitis of superficial veins can occur due to trauma to the vein during insertion of the IV catheter. Secondary IV tubing is shorter in length than primary tubing and is connected to a primary line via an access port or an IV pump. Primary fluids are run at consistent infusion rates for a prescribed period of time. Her clinical expertise is critical care. Nursing responsibilities for IV therapy include inserting, monitoring and removing an IV used to give medications, blood products and nutrition to a patient. %PDF-1.5 Duties/Responsibilities: 2.8 Functional Health and Activities of Daily Living, 2.11 Checklist for Obtaining a Health History, Chapter Resources A: Sample Health History Form, 3.6 Supplementary Video of Blood Pressure Assessment, 4.5 Checklist for Hand Hygiene with Soap and Water, 4.6 Checklist for Hand Hygiene with Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer, 4.7 Checklist for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), 4.8 Checklist for Applying and Removing Sterile Gloves, 6.12 Checklist for Neurological Assessment, 7.1 Head and Neck Assessment Introduction, 7.3 Common Conditions of the Head and Neck, 7.6 Checklist for Head and Neck Assessment, 7.7 Supplementary Video on Head and Neck Assessment, 8.6 Supplementary Video on Eye Assessment, 9.1 Cardiovascular Assessment Introduction, 9.5 Checklist for Cardiovascular Assessment, 9.6 Supplementary Videos on Cardiovascular Assessment, 10.5 Checklist for Respiratory Assessment, 10.6 Supplementary Videos on Respiratory Assessment, 11.4 Nursing Process Related to Oxygen Therapy, 11.7 Supplementary Videos on Oxygen Therapy, 12.3 Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Assessment, 12.6 Supplementary Video on Abdominal Assessment, 13.1 Musculoskeletal Assessment Introduction, 13.6 Checklist for Musculoskeletal Assessment, 14.1 Integumentary Assessment Introduction, 14.6 Checklist for Integumentary Assessment, 15.1 Administration of Enteral Medications Introduction, 15.2 Basic Concepts of Administering Medications, 15.3 Assessments Related to Medication Administration, 15.4 Checklist for Oral Medication Administration, 15.5 Checklist for Rectal Medication Administration, 15.6 Checklist for Enteral Tube Medication Administration, 16.1 Administration of Medications Via Other Routes Introduction, 16.3 Checklist for Transdermal, Eye, Ear, Inhalation, and Vaginal Routes Medication Administration, 17.1 Enteral Tube Management Introduction, 17.3 Assessments Related to Enteral Tubes, 17.5 Checklist for NG Tube Enteral Feeding By Gravity with Irrigation, 18.1 Administration of Parenteral Medications Introduction, 18.3 Evidence-Based Practices for Injections, 18.4 Administering Intradermal Medications, 18.5 Administering Subcutaneous Medications, 18.6 Administering Intramuscular Medications, 18.8 Checklists for Parenteral Medication Administration, 19.8 Checklist for Blood Glucose Monitoring, 19.9 Checklist for Obtaining a Nasal Swab, 19.10 Checklist for Oropharyngeal Testing, 20.8 Checklist for Simple Dressing Change, 20.10 Checklist for Intermittent Suture Removal, 20.12 Checklist for Wound Cleansing, Irrigation, and Packing, 21.1 Facilitation of Elimination Introduction, 21.4 Inserting and Managing Indwelling Urinary Catheters, 21.5 Obtaining Urine Specimen for Culture, 21.6 Removing an Indwelling Urinary Catheter, 21.8 Applying the Nursing Process to Catheterization, 21.10 Checklist for Foley Catheter Insertion (Male), 21.11 Checklist for Foley Catheter Insertion (Female), 21.12 Checklist for Obtaining a Urine Specimen from a Foley Catheter, 21.14 Checklist for Straight Catheterization Female/Male, 21.15 Checklist for Ostomy Appliance Change, 22.1 Tracheostomy Care & Suctioning Introduction, 22.2 Basic Concepts Related to Suctioning, 22.3 Assessments Related to Airway Suctioning, 22.4 Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Suctioning Checklist & Sample Documentation, 22.5 Checklist for Tracheostomy Suctioning and Sample Documentation, 22.6 Checklist for Tracheostomy Care and Sample Documentation, 23.5 Checklist for Primary IV Solution Administration, 23.6 Checklist for Secondary IV Solution Administration, 23.9 Supplementary Videos Related to IV Therapy, Chapter 15 (Administration of Enteral Medications), Chapter 16 (Administration of Medications via Other Routes), Chapter 18 (Administration of Parenteral Medications), Chapter 22 (Tracheostomy Care & Suctioning), Appendix A - Hand Hygiene and Vital Signs Checklists, Appendix C - Head-to-Toe Assessment Checklist. IV THERAPY - . Vascular catheterassociated infection is considered a hospital-acquired condition because it can be prevented using best practices. iv fluid therapy. These professionals provide case management of patients participating in clinical trials, administering drug infusions, monitoring patient responses, and communicating with the principal investigator of the study. Special consideration: Patients admitted to the Neonatal Unit should have line pressure documented within the Peripheral IV Cannula Lines, Drains, and Airway (LDA) tab. All care is provided by trained and credentialed nurses. Unstable patients who have signs and symptoms of complications are to be assessed more frequently. advanced paramedic skills. Slides 3-6-material from Fulcher and Frazier(2007), Contraindications Pre-existing vascular compromise Regional infection, IV Therapy Terms Adult: Antibiotic: Arterial Line: Aspirate: Central Line: Central Venous Access Device: (CVADS). Simple dehydration, illness, or other concerns cant be scheduled, but they can be managed. endobj IV therapy, Nurse's role - SlideShare Line B(of the Plum 360 pump): Certain medications can be infused as a secondary infusion through a syringe or infusion bag via line B. Syringe driver:is recommended for children weighing less than 10kg. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. by: mary watson. 13 essential responsibilities for nurses A nurse's responsibilities may vary depending on where they work, what licenses they have obtained and how experienced they are. Demonstrate the procedure for IV insertion, conversion to a saline lock, administration of IV fluids, discontinuation of the IV Identify possible complications of intravenous therapy and nursing interventions to treat each. IV fluids are a medication. Without contaminating the key part (spike)using a non-touch technique insert the spike of the administration set into the septum of the infusion bag. common venipuncture sites dose calculators insertion of peripheral iv catheter insertion of a central line, IV Therapy - . During the IV therapy, the nurse monitors the patient for adverse reactions and ensures that the tubing, bandages and needle stay in place. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. dr. ahmed magdy md general surgery. IV therapy, Nurse's role Dec. 06, 2012 7 likes 18,071 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Nutcharee Jungvanichar Follow Center Director, Oncology Services & Health Screening Center at Bumrungrad International Hospital Advertisement Advertisement Recommended Intravenous medication, Care and Complications Once a medication enters the vein, there is no way to terminate this action. When a patient needs blood gas levels checked . Check your institutions policy regarding which type of compress (warm or cold) should be applied. When two bags are needed, the second one is prepared just a little bit differently. Infiltration occurs when the tip of the catheter slips out of the vein. purposes restore or maintain f & e administer meds provide nutrition transfusion route for blood, IV Therapy - Administering fluids and different electrolytes in the circulatory system of the client by using the veins. By piggybacking a medication, the solution from the primary fluid line is used to prime the secondary tubing. Share . There are two major types of IV administration sets: primary tubing and secondary tubing. During the therapy, the nurse will periodically check in to ensure that everything is going well. Ensure the IV site is patent when initiating new fluid or medication. Not all services are the same. objectives of iv therapy. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. This will adequately immobilize the joint and minimise the risk of venous damage resulting from flexion. DSC_0738-e1443533768679-678x1024.jpg by. Role Definition The IV nurses are RNs committed to ensure the safety of all patients receiving IV Therapy. Nursing Responsibilities For IV Therapy Our nurses are available around the clock to administer IV therapy. PayScale lists the average annual salary for IV infusion nurses as $71,570. How do they go about making magic happen? Nurse - IV Therapy Job in West Palm Beach, FL at Restore There are also 500 mL, 250 mL, 100 mL, and 50 mL bags. Read more about types of intravenous fluids in the . Site Selection and Vein Dilation Catheterization or Catheter Insertion 1. The shorter secondary line gets placed into the port onto the main, where it locks in place. Flexibility helps to set us apart. In Summary, when dressing a peripheral IV cannula ensure: the child can't injure themselves, or be injured by the connections, the child can't remove or dislodge the cannula. Cover the cannula insertion site with sterile transparent semipermeable, occlusive dressing (e.g. There may be moisture on the inside of the plastic IV bag storage container; this is normal. nursing responsibilities for iv therapy ppt. with regular assessment and documentation of complications. TT$+iGJK}?wS0[L tFjo}*&]CHd @\r:q8:waFh0T\lP4w1"G "c:(|IR DQ}=V.DP)2cud,rgoz)y+b62 \tQH3"P-zdd1fLW4]I])`]YwTw"e7 Scope of Practice %PDF-1.6 % It is important to communicate with your nurse while they are doing their checks. The goal of hypotonic fluid administration is to move fluids into a patients cells due to osmosis. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Continuous fluids may also be ordered to run until the provider gives a follow-up order to discontinue or decrease the fluid rate. Additionally, IV fluids can be administered by gravity or by infusion pump, and each method requires its own administration set. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Prevention of Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection (CLABSI )[compa Intravenous medication, Care and Complications, Safe iv cannulation (prevention of iv thrombophlebitis), Iv fluid therapy (types, indications, doses calculation), Society for Microbiology and Infection care. Questions cover three core areas: 36 questions each on principles of practice and access devices, and 48 questions about infusion therapies. [Gd )Q[$!Y;*% gMb|s"$;Zt#b3d k!"Xts}so-Hfx%E'g}BK,o)VlzcKXZU_>VF|18q'Rd'%z97Oq}NR[]J^xnn"DG"hMjQwLm?q* uG [vQ 3~N*1r3{u1= Loss of medication is considered a medication error because the patient received less active medication than prescribed. Infiltration may cause pain, swelling, and skin that is cool to the touch. Consider placing a small piece of sterile cotton wool ball or gauze underneath the hub of the cannula to reduce pressure. Check the expiration date when obtaining a new tubing administration set. 0 Role Definition The IV nurses are RNs committed to ensure the safety of all patients receiving IV Therapy. www.HelpWriting.net This service will write as best as they can. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br pfg^Ekx\jl+.-FE4a[o]AUPq\]F .I=|Sk&QW7 )#y8xIvDVx^e $v o'kt&IXJ:9oWSD`*xG"r+9NC \_JTQPPR7 definitionindicationsequipment and supplies stepsmonitoring complications. PPT - IV Therapy Class PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:1388970 holding the cannula in place at all times, Hold a piece of the birds. Registered Nurse, RN - Adult IV Therapy Job in Boston, MA at Tufts (2) The licensed practical nurse can demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and ability to perform the procedure safely. xuIk18lg)0Ca(4IzE "3B`qm@c>QR s& s) &/\7JL35bQo{(uVUo ;)n1gd4xlD`CI GjYZ{T_qUzHV=j*VSswGf-)r4^W:# :aA Coordinating and administering therapeutic IV treatments and infusions, Managing complications with infusion therapies, Monitoring patient responses to treatment, Reviewing lab reports and drug information, 2023 NurseJournal.org, a Red Ventures Company. Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Cleanse the area around the catheter insertion site including under the hub using a pattern which will ensure entire area is covered. For this profession however, the pros seem to outweigh the cons. at least every4hrs, check skin status at iv site, status of dressing, client's ability to perform self-care activities; & client's understanding of any mobility limitations assess . Registered Nurse (RN) IV Infusion Therapy-Santa Monica- Part Time Theyre trained to adapt and perform in changing surroundings while providing stellar care. An IV pump is the safest method of administration to ensure specific amounts of fluid are administered. the main learning areas . The same medical guidelines and procedures are used, whether a nurse gives IV therapy in a hospital or a hotel. Be sure to follow evidence-based infection prevention practices, such as performing hand hygiene, performing a vigorous mechanical scrub of needleless connectors, limiting catheter access, and following sterile no-touch technique during intravenous infusion to reduce the risk of vascular catheterassociated infection. endobj Nursing is core part in health service delivery system in which health promotion, disease prevention; curative and rehabilitative health . If the infiltration is severe, you may consider the application of a compress in addition to elevating the affected limb. The aim of this guideline is to provide an outline of the ongoing maintenance and management of the PIVC for patients in hospital, outpatient, and home healthcare settings. Click here to review the details. Tap here to review the details. The dressing must be kept secure, clean dry and intact. endobj Gauze is held firmly over the access site for a moment to discourage any bleeding, and sterile dressing is applied. Pressure limit defaults for intravascular infusion pumps are programmed by Biomedical Engineering, based on the manufacturers recommendations. Youre there to feel better and our nurses are there to help make that happen. correct fluid and IV Vitamin Therapy - Contact adress: 635 madison ave, suite 1400c, new york, ny 10022 phone: (347) 434-9815 website url: If detected early, extravasation may be treated with medications that help avoid the complication of necrosis. It is important to remember that not all IV solutions are compatible with all IV medications.

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