kassites in the bibleike turner first wife lorraine taylor
(1998, pp. Idem, Forced laborers in the Middle Babylonian period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32, 1980, pp. As for the meaning of Ahmose, I am no Egyptologist but I am fairly certain that his name means born of Iah (the moond god). In the 12th century Elam struck the final blow at Kassite power in Babylonia, already weakened by local insurrection. Not long after the Elamites pillaged Ur and founded an Elamite kingdom inside Shnunna. The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. ; Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. Kassites - Crystalinks The city was built by Kurigalzu I (probably in the first quarter of the 15th century BCE). Kassites stayed in Babylonia, but their main concentration was the central Zagros northeast of Babylonia, notably in Namri and Bt-Hamban. Idem, Kossaioi, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 22, 1922, pp. Aktuelle Forschungsprobleme in der vorderasiatischen Archologie, Hildesheim, 1995, pp. Kassite deities were the pantheon of the Kassites ( Akkadian: Ka, from Kassite Galzu [1] ), a group inhabiting parts of modern Iraq (mostly historical Babylonia and the Nuzi area), as well as Iran and Syria, in the second and first millennia BCE. There may be several Kassite names in Old Babylonian uarr in the Zagros (see Eidem, 1992, p. 49b, top; Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 412 with n. 16). This is depicted in letters #287 and his sixth letter, #290. During this time, Joseph was born and eventually sold into Egypt. However, the river is only 175 . A. Ancillotti, La lingua dei Cassiti, Milan, 1981. 3, 1963, pp. 58, no. "Studies Concerning the Kassite Period Ekur of Nippur: Construction History and Finds". Where Was The Land Of Nod? | World Events and the Bible What do we know about the Ammonites? - CompellingTruth.org The Kassites were not referenced in the Bible but according to some Christian and Hebrew scholars a king named Cushan-Rishathaim was supposed to have been a Kassite ruler. But a Bible verse got me back to reading the Bible again. Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B. C.: The Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. As semi-nomads the Kassites were organized in family and tribal units. 224 f.). Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The Kassites had also developed their unique style of poetry, architecture, medicine, sculpture, astrology and fortune telling. They had encountered many different kingdoms and tribes before they reached their destination. Adding the years given by the King List to that date would place the beginning of the dynasty in the 18th century BCE, when rulers of the Hammurabi dynasty controlled Babylon. (paternal name) seem to be the only ones which resemble names with relevance to Kassites (cf. Following this event, his grandfather Aur-uballi invaded Babylonia to place Kurigalzu II (1327-03 BCE) on the throne. 2005. S. F. C. Richardson, The Collapse of a Complex State: A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1683-1597 B.C., Ph.D. Yanoam is made non-existent. During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. After these role models are gone, Israel has 15 Judges in this historical account. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Because I thought I believe so different from everyone else. K. De Graef, Les trangers dans les textes palobabyloniens tardifs de Sippar (Abi-eu-Samsuditana): 1ire partie: Sur les inconnus connus: Cassites, Elamites, Sutens, Suens, Gutens et Subarens, Akkadica 111, 1998, pp. Where is Ancient Babylon Located Today? - Answers The section concludes with a brief appendix (chapter 45). 1496 BCE, i.e., just three years after its fall, if to rely upon the evidence of the texts from Tall Muammad (for their onomasticon, see Zadok, 1994, p. 48a; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. The Bible, however, distinguishes the Havilah that serves as one of the boundaries of Ishmaelite territory from all other places named Havilah, with the qualifying phrase "by Shur, which is close to Egypt" (Gen. 25:18). Trustees of the British Museum. In tablet #149, Abi-Milku praises Pharaoh and compares him to Sun god. 519-21. Both sectors were based on the redistributive principle characteristic of Mesopotamian household organization (see Edens, 1994, p. 211). Mid-12th Century. 41, no. 1-14. 32, no. The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. However, it should be remembered that there are many fewer texts from other parts of the Kassite state. 106, no. Easily See 6017 Years of Biblical and World History Together! The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. Volume 2 Kardunia. [54] A Kassite text found at Dur-Kurigalzu mentions glass given to artisans for palace decoration and similar glass was found there. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). Christ's first name, Jesus, was Yeshua. They later regained power yet would be defeated along with many other nations under King Nebuchadnezzar in the seventh century BC. Foster and D. Gutas, Monographs on the Ancient Near East 2/3, Malibu, 1986. [59], Male head from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, Kassite, reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I. Iraq Museum, Door socket from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq. Balkan, 1954, pp. 20712, Brinkman, J. Gasche et al. Museum, British. https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. ). Iraq, vol. "Kassite." [18] Often situated on the surface, many were found early and made their way to museums around the world. 1 The Assyrian Empire. They introduced war chariots, The Kassites were defeated by the Elamites in 1157 B.C. What Really Happened Between Ruth and Boaz On The Threshing Floor. Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. Armstrong, James A. The Incredible Bible - First in the BKA Series. Several Kassite tribes and clans bore Akkadian and atypical names (Sassmannshausen, 2001, pp. And when you look up to the sky and see the sun, the moon and the starsall the heavenly arraydo not be enticed into bowing down to them and worshiping things the LORD your God has apportioned to all the nations under heaven. Isin in the Kassite Period". Brinkman, 1986). They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. BIBL 410 W EEKLY S TUDY Q UESTION 4 One Blood/Introduction to Abraham Answer thoroughly the following questions based on this module/week's Reading & Study material: 1. The Kassites, the ancient Near Eastern people who seized power in Babylonia following the fall of the first Babylonian Dynasty and subsequently went on to rule it for some three hundred and fifty years during the late bronze age, possessed a pantheon of gods but few are known beyond the laconic mention in the theophoric element of a name. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh - Khan Academy 165-74. The city of Babylon had been a city-state in Mesopotamia for many years. MOSAIC GLASS FROM HASANLU, MARLIK, AND TELL AL-RIMAH. Journal of Glass Studies, vol. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. 3, 1982, pp. 1-8. (Non-dynastic usurpers17351701 BCE) This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC (short chronology). Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. A 300-year Middle Eastern Dark lasted from 1157 to 883 B.C. Why Did The Samaritan Woman At The Well Have So Many Marriages? Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. While the period of enslavement by the Egyptians meant that the Israelites would certainly not be writing anything down, it did not prevent the Egyptians from documenting certain things. A stele (monument) from Egypt, dating back to 1208 BCE is the firs known inscription mentioning the nation of Israel. 5 (197680, Miller, Jared L.. "3. I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. Please support World History Encyclopedia. 251-54. F. H. Weissbach, he Kissa, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 21, 1921, pp. They were used to mark official items and ownership. There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? Kraus on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, Studia Francisci Scholten memoriae dicata 5, Leiden, 1982, pp. They reportedly dominated this territory from roughly the twelfth through the tenth centuries B.C.E. The governor of Nippur was in charge of an economic organization, which collected numerous agricultural deliveries and imposts from broad parts of Babylonia. 124, no. (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). Richardson (2002, p. 54) points out that southern Mesopotamian refugees were absorbed in the northern cities, whereas members of non-Mesopotamian population groups, such as Kassites, Elamites, and West Semitic semi-nomads (Suteans, Ahlamites) were diverted to rural establishments, such as encampments and fortresses. Kassite. The Kassite termini surviving in Akkadian are mainly from the realms of horse breeding and chariot building. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. The Amarna letters show marriage contracts between Egypt's 18th dynasty and the Kassites. Moses' Kushite Wife Was Zipporah the Midianite - TheTorah.com I cannot say that I am convinced by it but there are some real pieces of evidence to support it. Idem, Elamites and Other Peoples from Iran and the Persian Gulf Region in Early Mesopotamian Sources, Iran 32, 1994, pp. Since the word Hebrew is a poor transliteration of the word Ivri (pronounced ihv`ree) it is a stretch to say that the word Apiru or Habiru is from the same source. Originally Published in 1962 Mesopotamian Motifs in the Early Chapters of Genesis By: E.A. Christ was at once a Koresh, a Hebrew, and a Yehudi. "New Light on Dilbat: Kassite Building Activities on the Ura Temple E-Ibbi-Anum at Tell al-Deylam" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. 54, 1992, pp. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. 9, pp. Maps are essential for any serious Bible study. They ruled for over 400 years. 2 (1957), pp. The Kassite kings were called, by themselves and their colleagues in other Near Eastern states, kings of the land of Kar(an)dunia, the latter being a term for Babylonia that may have been Kassite in origin (del Monte and Tischler, 1978, pp. A. Belmonte Marn, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Texte aus Syrien im 2. The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburia I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. Once Kassite rulers were finally overthrown, they never regained power. It does not store any personal data. 10 f., is cautious and allows for the alternative Ka-a-i-i Bi-ma-ti-i, thereby keeping Bimat apart from the Kassites). [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. Corrections? The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). J. Boese and G. Wilhelm, Aur-dn I., Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie, WZKM 71, 1979, pp. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 65, no. Edens 1994, p. 213), the Kassite rulers reconstructed old cities in various parts of the country. A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. The name Cushan is considered a translation for Kassite or northwest Mesopotamia. The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. [31] The most notable of these efforts was the construction of a new city, Dur-Kuirgalzu. Ran Zadok, "KASSITES,"Encyclopdia Iranica, online edition, 2015, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kassites (accessed on 13May2015). Idem, A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, Analecta Orientalia 43, Rome, 1968. B. Landsberger, Assyrische Knigsliste und dunkles Zeitalter, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8, 1954, pp. 2 And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up. They were the Babylonians in the south and the Assyrians to the north. Idem, Studies in Babylonian Feudalism of the Kassite Period, tr. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, JNES 15, 1956, pp. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone ( kudurru ), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. Agum the prince (? Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. Iraq Museum, Terracotta plaque of a seated goddess, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. Already at that time they could purchase land and acted as officials, especially in horse breeding (Heinz, 1995, p. 167). The Sealand, which was ruled by another dynasty perhaps since the demise of Babylons rule in the south, was incorporated into Babylonia in ca. The Kassites hardly penetrated the fields where acquaintance with the scribal art was required. Richardson (2002, p. 347) is of the opinion that the fortresses were forerunners of the later Kassite feudal communities. [1] By the time of Babylon's fall, the Kassites had already been part of the region for a century and a half, acting sometimes with the Babylon's interests and sometimes against. . Idem, Sex, Age and Physical Condition Designations for Servile Laborers in the Middle Babylonian Period, in G. van Driel, T. J. H. Krispijn, M. Stol, and K. R. Veenhof, eds., Zikir umim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R. Balkan (1968, p. 7) is of the opinion that between the king and the people there was a stratum of nobles, who mostly belonged to the royal family or the palace. Early Periods, 4. Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. The Assyrians Reception of a victorious. Updates? Unlike conquerors who preceded them, the Kassites do not seem to have been considered a foreign and intrusive element by the Babylonians in the post-Kassite period and later. 5 ff. 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. D. R. Frayne, Old Babylonian Period(2003-1595 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Therefore it is clear that the King List includes ancestors of the Kassite kings (cf. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The horse, the sacred animal of the Kassites, probably first came into use in Babylonia at this time. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 221-223, Marcus, Michelle I. 2. The commonly held opinion that they originated from the Zagros mountains east of Babylonia (see, e.g., Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Heinz, 1995, p. 167) is based on the assumption that their geographical distribution before they took over the Babylonian alluvium was the same as their distribution after the demise of the Kassite rule in Babylonia. 88-124, Clayden, Tim. 1499-1503. During the 16th century BCE. ''Some Shared Traditions Between Hana and the Kassites'', In Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael C. Astour on His 80th Birthday, 417-432.Potts, D. T. (2006). 31-45, 47-73, 106-33. These grants were recorded on stone stelae (sing. A. There was an intensive connection between the ruling dynasty and the city of Nippur. Ashkelon has been overcome; Babylonia was recognized as a great power by the other Near Eastern powers, namely, its neighbors and Egypt, according to the Amarna correspondence. Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243 - 1207 B.C.) G. Dosch and K. Deller, Die Familie Kizzuk - sieben Kassitengenerationen in Temtena und uriniwe, in M. A. Morrison, and D. I. Owen, eds., Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians in Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on his 75th Birthday, Winona Lake, 1981, pp. It was located near the Euphrates River . This time period is the same time period we read about in Joshua and Judges (though, some scholars disagree on the exodus timing). Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. 17 ff. 421 f.). Van De Mieroop, 2003, pp. THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. But the Kassites resumed control of Babylonia thanks to Elamite pressure and a successful Babylonian rebellion. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Early on, refurbishments were conducted of the various religious and administrative buildings, the first of these datable to Kurigalzu I. 73, No. The rulers of the successive three post-Kassite dynasties (ca. This garden was cited as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by the historian Herodotus. A Harmony of the Life of Jesus - Four gospel accounts in harmony. They are recorded as weavers and other textile workers, but are underrepresented in most of the other handicrafts (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. xv). Stone Records From The Kassite Dynasty In Babylonia - Ancient Pages 535-545, Taha Baqir, "Iraq Government Excavations at 'Aqar Qf. There is a striking parallel in the #287 and #290 Amarna letters referring to Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. West of Edin: Tell al-Deylam and the Babylonian City of Dilbat The Biblical Archaeologist , Vol. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. The Kassites followed the Hittites and renamed the city Karanduniash. van Soldt Grammatical Irregularities in Middle Babylonian Texts and their Chronology 165 Helen Malko The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity 177 Odette Boivin The Palace as Economic Production . The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. Volume 2 Kardunia. 2, 2021, pp. Read Ahmose Is stelae and read Ahmose IIs stelas the second stelae abruptly ends only halfway through at the Red Sea after chasing a race of people through what sounds exactly like the Exodus route. Mitanni; Kassites; Hittites; Egypt - GOD's WAR PLAN 43 f.; cf. In the image below the reasoning behind the test is show. The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. Who were the kassites in the Bible? The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. The Kassite Dynasty refurbished many of the ancient Babylonian cities and constructed a new city called Dur Kurigalzu (named after one of the Kassite kings) near modern Baghdad. 47, 100, 102 ff., 115 ff., 122). 11, No. Many of them were integrated in the Babylonian social structure (De Smet, 1990, p. 10). 159-70. The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. Information will be sectioned off into multiple posts, organized by date ranges. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 1465 BCE (Brinkman, 1972, p. 274; Edens 1994, p. 210). In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. World History Encyclopedia. M. Stol, Studies in Old Babylonian History, Publications de lInstitut historique-archologique nerlandais de Stamboul 40, Leiden, 1975. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. There is a radical change of the administrative terminology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Clayden, Tim. Diakonoff, Warminster, 1982, pp. Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Peri Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 - 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. The third people group is thought be Israel. In the 207th letter Ipte praises Baal of the sun, for delivering him in battle against the Apiru. A.. "1. The findings of those digs can be found HERE. Iran 11.1 (1973): 1-27, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosII." They gained control of Babylonia after the Hittite sack of Babylon in 1531 BC, and established a dynasty generally assumed to have been based first in that city, after a hiatus. 137 f.), namely, that Kassite is related to Elamite, is unlikely. 1-26. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. 129, Brinkman, J. Moses birth was 80 years before the Exodus in 1392bce or 2528 from Adam. Mesopotamia - HISTORY This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites. AbydosDynasty The sixth letter is the last and most severe letter and the Abdi-zedek begs once again for military help by means of archers from Egypt. The fact that the river ordeal, which in the Old Babylonian period is mainly recorded in texts from Susa, has become more common in Babylonia during the Kassite than in the preceding (Old Babylonian) period may point to an origin of the Kassites east of Babylonia, but is not conclusive evidence. And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against . 2, line 18; 10, 11.31.34). India's God Krishna Was the King of Jerusalem! - Viewzone . On the whole, it cannot be proven that the Kassites living in Babylonia had an essentially different social organization from that of the Babylonians (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 150). Their direct or indirect ties to the Middle Euphrates region enhanced their communication with the Hittites who controlled parts of northern Syria, so they might have been instrumental in enabling the temporary conquest of Babylon by the Hittite king Telipinu, who put an end to Hammurabis dynasty in 1595 BCE and eventually gave way for the Kassite rule in Babylonia. Selves Engraved on Stone: Seals and Identity in the Ancient Near East, ca. The Biblical Garden of Eden 283304, Armstrong, James A.. "15.