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Of course they will make what is in demand. Most people think about late medieval music or renaissance, 14th, 15th and 16th century, and I always wondered about the earlier music of the middle ages. If you work in an orchestra you can grow awareness among your colleagues. which explain improvised polyphony with voices. Other names that I have seen used for modern transportable electric organs are: positive organ and basso continuo organ. The liquesence is a fantastic example that we can apply to the organ. In the 14th centurya bigger version of the portative organ appeared, also played with one hand on the bellow andthe other on the keyboard, but now placed on the lap of theseated performer. Unfortunately, most manuscripts we have from the middle ages are related to communities of people that had the money to write it down, mostly clerics. It needs some research, but if that were to be proven to be right, that would be the oldest pipes, as Jeremy Montagu says in the title of his article, The oldest organ in Christendom [available here]. This instrument is mostly used for basso continuo in ensembles. The whole manuscript can be viewed, Left: An image of a woman playing a portative organ in the margin of a manuscript about Merlin: folio 357r of, An example just to get out of the framework we sometimes have. Lets summarise then how many different instruments have we considered until here: first, the medieval portative organ, a historical phenomenon of the late middle ages; secondly, themodern transportable electric organwhich solves the modern need of having to supply an organ in a venue where there is none (mostly used for basso continuo); and third, little historical organs that work with human action on the bellows and no electricity. In classical music its hard to change nowadays. Im looking forward to finding some evidence because there is one iconography of one trouvre [the troubadours of northern France] who is holding a portative organ, but its not clear whether its because of the meaning of the text on this page representing a story about him or a symbolic relationship. Liturgical melodies have special neumes that mean not only a note or, better, not a note, but one movement, or one quality of sound, and thats what I was looking for, for quality of sound, because these neumes represent the quality rather than the note. Here are some examples in images. If you make a statistic of melodies you would play, you will recall that there are at least two modes that are the most used and, knowing that, you know which drones you need. Anonymous, 16th century. Certainly, some were quite small but not portable. Once your instrument was made, did you make any discoveries that you didnt expect? Sharing this information is beautiful, I enjoy it so much, I would love to help people by doing that, sharing the research and knowledge, to reflect and create awareness. I had so many questions, I really wanted to learn about it, and the more I knew about this period, 12th-13th century, the more I wanted to play this music. In, Unfortunately, most manuscripts we have from the middle ages are related to communities of people that had the money to write it down, mostly clerics. As youll have read, Cristina had hers made to her specifications. This trouvre songbook includes such important composers as Guillaume li Vinier (trouvre and cleric, c. 1190-1245), Guillaume dAmiens (or Guillaume le Peigneur, trouvre and painter, late 13th century), and Perrin dAngicourt (trouvre and possibly a cleric, fl. Often historical performance venues already owned an organ be it built-inor moveable (see images of table organ and regal). If you want to go backwards then you need another instrument, maybe symphonia [or simfonie or other spellings], or other types of instrument. The regal can be made very soft by placing its cover on, and by taking it off it can be made low enough to sound clearly in a full and well-appointed ensemble of singers and players. On the other hand, you also have literary texts that describe, for example, how one church has an organ and another doesnt have it, and one church is criticising the other for having it, or the other way, they should have it. Its not only portative organs. Trk 8 Toccata seconda del none tono naturale (excerpt). Is a portative and a positive organ essentially the same, except in size, and with buttons on the portative and slides on the positive? Yes, the organ is especially related to liturgical music, as you say, since it was considered the voice of the doctors of the church the whole instrument was to praise God. An example just to get out of the framework we sometimes have. But this term is also used in royal chapels to designate an instrument in the shape of a small and longish chest containing one or more ranks of reeds, with two sets of bellows attached in back. I encourage everyone to use the name portative organ consciously. The family of clavicimbalum, harpsichord, virginal and spinet are essentially the same instrument in different shapes and sizes. In this way, its so experimental: who knows what the result is. I wonder if the organ in particular is used because some in the church believed that only the organ should accompany the voice in the liturgy. So we start with low demand on earlier instruments. Switzerland (late 16th century). Renaissance table positif. Nowadays this little organ is often called aportative organ (or positive organ). We absorbed it as a sponge. Thinking of the voice-like quality of the organ, something else you did when playing was the rise and fall of a note by changing the air pressure on the bellows, not to change the note, but the same note rising and falling. And suddenly, while I was in The Netherlands, I met a teacher of medieval music, Corina Marti, and thats when I went to Basel [Schola Cantorum Basiliensis] to study with her. The CROSSWORD BUZZ team are experts in CROSSWORDS solutions! Not only is Cristina a musician of consummate skill, her love for her instruments and specialism is obvious and infectious: rarely have I seen anyone play and talk about music with such transparent joy. Yes. Do we know? There is a lot of historical evidence for medieval portative organs. Privacy Policy. These images are copyright Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Cristina with a chromatic portative organ of the 14th15th century. Modern electric transportable organs therefore saveon both space and manpower. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Of course, people together, they party and talk and sing and dance, and in Montserrat the church wanted to control what they sang and danced, they could not accept certain topics, and thats why these dances were made, which were also probably created by the clerics, or maybe influenced by popular dances. I passed from piano to renaissance keyboards like clavisimbalum [see picture above], clavicytherium [see video below], and renaissance portative organs, and when you go backwards in time you realise the clavisimbalum and clavicytherium are late medieval instruments. it radiates from you. The love and the enthusiasm I find it infectious. Photograph by Zabet. I would need more information before saying it was a troubadour instrument. From the early 16th century its popularity decreased. This interest brought me to different people again, this time to Dr. Mauricio Molina in Barcelona. For some, the organ would also be a pedagogical instrument. If you continue browsing, you are consenting to its use. They were the scholars of the time. 1250.]. Sometimes the need for a compact and transportable instrumenthas an impact on certain characteristics of the instrumentsuch aslimiting the number of registers for example. So youre absolutely right, we need to see the whole context. I see some performers of early music who are very serious and keep straight faces. We dont have the choreographies, we know they danced outside the church. The more we use it well, the more it willclarify the situation. They believed that God, as creator, was a mathematician, and he used proportions to create everything, so numbers are everywhere and these proportions are divine because they come from God. With thanks to, Everything came very naturally. Yes and no. Passionate about communication and obsessed with the question: what is medieval music to us? At least, apparently, even if well never know, we have to be honest with that, nobody has the panacea of everything, but at least seems to correspond with the sources and all the evidence. So why the portative organ? We do have a lot of sources about the making of the organs. Its a lovely effect, and I was wondering, was this something you discovered was possible in the playing, or is there evidence that this was used? You can find many different positions on this topic. Its not mandatory for makers to be scholars or researchers. The chameleonic features of the organ give it the advantage ofmultiple uses. everything. I believe we can imitate the vocal ornamentations that are described in the 12th13th century by, for example, Jerome of Moravia [Dominican friar and music theorist who wrote Tractatus de Musica, Paris, c. 1280]. Of course, what I learn by using the instrument is phrasing, because I try to take everything from the sources, even about rhetoric or the use of text and pronunciation, the use of consonants and vowels I apply everything to the instrument. Some neumes are described by theoreticians like Guido, for example [, Italian music theorist, Guido dArezzo, who wrote. Again,the principal difference lies in their function. The liquesence is a fantastic example that we can apply to the organ. One of these stories is the legend of Merlin and on the side we have this image. On the other hand, we see in iconography that very often the portative organ has more than one drone, so that you could have two, three or four drones with no problem, which means you could choose among different drones. Transportable organs contain the same elementsas any other organ,but confined within a little boxallowing easy transportation from one place to another, such as concert venues and rehearsal rooms. Observe how these organs are different from the modern portable organs we are used to see in concert venues. Good question. I am fascinated! Mostportative organs of the 13th and 14thcenturies are hung from a strap, allowing performers to stand, walk, and dancewhilst playing. This improvised polyphony is in parallel fourths, fifths and octaves, but this tradition develops into what we understand as organum [polyphonic accompaniment], and one of the options in organum is to keep the basic note all the time while the tune is sung. These cookies do not store any personal information. I would suggest using it only for theinstrument thatwas historically first referred to as a portative organ the medievalportative organ. Here an example of this instrument and its use: No, it is a completely different instrument anddoes not represent any chronological continuation of the medieval portative organ tradition. This article includes three videos of Cristina playing: table organ, clavicytherium, and portative organ. The only thing we have are some positive organ pipes which are in Jerusalem, in the Convent of the Flagellation. Origin of psyche quickly arising in this collective consciousness? The earliest are 10, We can just quote Theophilus. How to Solve Universal Crosswords easily? We all are responsible for making nomenclature clearer and communication better every time we name instruments. Most people think about late medieval music or renaissance, 14, We do have a lot of sources about the making of the organs. The modern transportable organ is an invention triggered by the need for practicality. Most of the time therefore there was no need to transport a transportable organ in such buildings which often contained instruments. All rights reserved. For music of this period there is evidence that some harps and psalteries had a B and a Bb. Using the name for two differenttypes of organ at the same time creates confusion rather than being helpful. Theophilus is a cleric of the beginning of the 12th century, and he explains what the positive organ is made of: pipes; a box; slides; the conflatorium, which brings the air of the bellows to the box; and bellows. Are there any surviving portative organs, medieval or renaissance? Of these, he says: Organ (1605-10). The lack of explanation and the rarity of such images makes it impossible to ascertain whether such iconography should be taken literally, figuratively, or decoratively. Yes, because you cannot use the single larger pipes melodically. In returning characters framed by HL, don't mention a rebel. Itwould be unreasonable to simplify here the number of models: some were placed on a table, others weredesigned and builtas part of a set of furniture in an architectural project, others were little foldable regals. Since I was a child I was fascinated by medieval history, the medieval world. But I was not aware that one could study this music, so I made my whole career as a pianist. Of course, what I learn by using the instrument is phrasing, because I try to take everything from the sources, even about rhetoric or the use of text and pronunciation, the use of consonants and vowels I apply everything to the instrument. These medieval proportions are preserved in art, in making, in poems, in music, and in music it includes not only the intervals but the making of the instruments. Usually, in the renaissance, you look for each note of an instrument to sound with the same quality as each other but, as in medieval sources, the human voice doesnt have this quality because it changes through the ambitus. In relation to the modern transportable electric organ, we should agree on a name that is clear for everyone. Feel free to contact him or to pay a visit to his atelier near Como (North Italy). I finished my Masters, I had the typical orthodox learning on piano with the Russian piano school, going to competitions, playing with orchestras. And if you create a CD you caninclude the right namein your booklet. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Hillerd, Denmark, Frederiksborg Castle chapel. I believe we can imitate the vocal ornamentations that are described in the 12, Exactly. [The Notre Dame School of polyphony were composers at or around the Parisian cathedral of that name from 1160 to c. But I think in early music, since a big part of it is unknown to the public, sometimes the public comes with predetermined expectations, how it has to sound, and which instruments, and what repertory, which means we have to guide them, because the repertory is huge, and there are different styles. We are glad you chose to visit the site and we will be happy to see you in the future! Some musicians prefer not to speak on the stage. Brussels, Muse Instrumental, no. Cassiodorus describes one pretty usefully. They were the scholars of the time. My instrument has Bb Bb is obvious because you need it from very early on, and it was part of the musical scale that was used, from the Greek calculation of the musical scale by tetrachords, so Bb is there, in any case. Here are 7 Tips to Help you! air pressure provided by flowing water, but Im not entirely sure anyone has worked out quite how they worked. And as no new name was assigned to them, the result has been a confusion of many diverse names even amongst players. This I discovered when we met at Bolton Castle, Wensleydale, England, in 2017, where she gave a presentation on the history of the portative organ; performed in the duo, Sonus Hyspaniae, on portative organ and percussion, with Ral Lacilla on musa (medieval bagpipe) and frestel (medieval Pan pipe); and kindly agreed to the following interview for, In this interview, Cristina discusses how she discovered medieval keyboards; her research into the portative organ and her commissioning of the only 13, The earliest image of a clavicimbalum (clavicembalum, clavicymbalum, clavisymbalum, or other variant spellings), the earliest member of the harpsichord family, above right, from an altarpiece in Minden, Lower Saxony, Germany, dated 1425, now in the Bodemuseum, Berlin. I finished my Masters, I had the typical orthodox learning on piano with the Russian piano school, going to competitions, playing with orchestras. The orientation of the clavicimbalum here is reversed compared to our usual expectations, with the highest notes on the left and the lowest on the right. Before the advent of square notation, there are neumes that we can guess what the shape means, but we dont know. Most of these transportable organs offer a standardised sound for all historical repertoires. Who was dancing? This I discovered when we met at Bolton Castle, Wensleydale, England, in 2017, where she gave a presentation on the history of the portative organ; performed in the duo, Sonus Hyspaniae, on portative organ and percussion, with Ral Lacilla on musa (medieval bagpipe) and frestel (medieval Pan pipe); and kindly agreed to the following interview for Early Music Muse. So one part is very strongly based on this study of text, and study of the neumes, and rhetoric, etc., and then there is this artistic part where you decide how to use the air, as you said, how to create the phrase, the movement, and to make the line alive. I was introduced to him by my own brother, who had taken some courses on medieval music with him. Want to Solve Crossword Puzzles? The only thing we have are some positive organ pipes which are in Jerusalem, in the Convent of the Flagellation. There are a series of pipes, alleged to be dated to the 12, Exactly. Regal. If I would need an instrument for the 14, I was surprised by the diversification of possibilities, and I had to make choices because several possibilities were plausible according to the sources, like the option of making conical or cylindrical pipes; the option of making pure copper pipes or with just a tiny amount of another metal with it; options about the range, etc. It is essentially a mechanical psaltery: a quill plucking a wire, with a jack action and wooden keys as on an organ to activate the jacks. Probably the most outstanding difference is the possibility of moving the instrument and the way they are performed: a portative can be played by one person, one hand on the bellow and another on the keyboard, and especially it can be carried while playing, while a positive needs at least two people, one for the bellows and another for the keyboard, and cant be carried while playing it. Consonanze Stravaganti. Several medieval sources say that the ambitus of the voice has three distinct colours and I recall, after this instrument was made, actually it fits this idea perfectly, because the different diameters of pipes used mean that the instrument is not homogeneous with one sound-colour. Who was it being played for? You can visually see two or three large pipes which have to be drones? This table summarises the elements of the three organ models we are dealing with: Our modern transportable organs might recall older organs but there are two features that allow us to distinguish them fromhistorical ones: Theyrequire electricityto power their motors,something that was not in use before the 20thcentury. Yes, you can buy this model of portative organ from the organ maker Walter Chinaglia. What are the constituent parts of the early organ? Because we live in the 21st century, we have a lot of ideas in our head, a lot of sounds, we listen to a lot of music, but we have so many of these prejudices in our head, and its fundamental for studying a period that we dont know about, that we havent lived, to try to get ideas like a baby learning how the world is.

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